Bullet-point summary of the UN Charter and related key essentials for Judicial Services Preliminary Exams
## 📌 League of Nations * Established by **Treaty of Versailles, 1919**. * Organs: Assembly, Council, Secretariat, Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ). * Objectives: International peace & cooperation. * **Failure Reasons**: * U.S. never joined, unanimity rule, failed disarmament, withdrawals (Germany 1933, Japan 1931, Italy 1936), failure to prevent aggressions (Japan–Manchuria 1931, Italy–Abyssinia 1936, Russia–Finland 1939). --- ## 📌 Evolution of the UN * **Atlantic Charter, 1941**: Roosevelt & Churchill – condemned aggression, self-determination, peace. * **Dumbarton Oaks, 1944**: Blueprint of UN; Security Council with Big Five. * **San Francisco Conference, 1945**: 50 States; adopted UN Charter & Statute of ICJ; Charter signed 26 June 1945, effective 24 Oct. (celebrated as **UN Day**). --- ## 📌 UN Charter – Key Provisions ### Preamble * Goals: Save generations from war, reaffirm human rights, maintain justice & international law, promote social p...