Sahayata & Sahayata

IMPORTANT COMMISSIONS 401. Sarkaria Commission (1983) – Center–State relations. 402. Punchhi Commission (2007) – Center–State relations, successor to Sarkaria. 403. Mandal Commission (1979, B.P. Mandal) – OBC reservation; implemented in 1990. 404. National Commission to Review Working of Constitution (2000) – Chairperson Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah. 405. Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957) – recommended 3-tier Panchayati Raj. 406. Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) – 2-tier Panchayati Raj. 407. G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) – strengthened Panchayati Raj. 408. L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986) – constitutional recognition to Panchayati Raj. 409. Kaka Kalelkar Commission (1953) – First Backward Classes Commission. 410. National Integration Council – formed in 1961 to combat communalism. LANDMARK JUDGMENTS (MORE) 411. Shah Bano Case (1985) – Maintenance to Muslim women under CrPC. 412. Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) – Guidelines against sexual harassment at workplace. 413. Shreya Singhal v. Union...

UNION–STATE RELATIONS 301. Legislative relations between Union & States – Articles 245–255. 302. 7th Schedule divides subjects into Union, State, Concurrent Lists. 303. Union List subjects: defence, foreign affairs, banking, railways. 304. State List subjects: police, public order, agriculture, health. 305. Concurrent List subjects: criminal law, marriage & divorce, education. 306. Article 249: Parliament can legislate on State List with RS resolution (2/3rd majority). 307. Article 250: Parliament can legislate on State List during National Emergency. 308. Article 252: Two or more States can consent Parliament to legislate on State List matters. 309. Article 253: Parliament can legislate for treaties & international obligations. 310. Residuary powers of legislation rest with Parliament (Union). ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS 311. Article 256: States must comply with Union laws. 312. Article 257: Union can give directions to States. 313. Article 258: President can entrust Union fu...

SCHEDULES OF THE CONSTITUTION 201. 1st Schedule – Names of States & Union Territories, their territories. 202. 2nd Schedule – Salaries & allowances of President, Governors, Judges, CAG, etc. 203. 3rd Schedule – Forms of Oaths & Affirmations. 204. 4th Schedule – Allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to States/UTs. 205. 5th Schedule – Administration of Scheduled Areas & Tribes. 206. 6th Schedule – Administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram. 207. 7th Schedule – Union, State & Concurrent Lists (subjects distribution). 208. 8th Schedule – Official Languages (22 presently; originally 14). 209. 9th Schedule – Added by 1st Amendment (1951); laws placed here immune from FR judicial review. 210. 10th Schedule – Anti-Defection Law (added by 52nd Amendment, 1985). 211. 11th Schedule – Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment, 1992). 212. 12th Schedule – Municipalities (74th Amendment, 1992). MAJOR AMENDMENTS 213. 1st Amendment, 1951 – Added 9th Schedule; curtailed fre...

  VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA 101. Article 67: Vice-President’s term – 5 years. 102. VP can resign to President. 103. VP can be removed by Rajya Sabha resolution (majority of all members) + Lok Sabha agreement. 104. Article 68: Election to fill VP vacancy within 6 months. 105. Article 69: Oath of VP administered by President. 106. Article 70: Parliament may provide for discharge of President’s functions in unforeseen circumstances. 107. Article 71: Disputes regarding Presidential & VP elections decided by Supreme Court. 108. Article 72: President’s Pardoning Power – pardon, reprieve, respite, remission, commutation, suspension. 109. Article 73: Union executive power extends to subjects of Union List & Concurrent List. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 110. Article 74: Council of Ministers with PM at head to aid President. 111. 42nd & 44th Amendments: President bound by advice of CoM. 112. Article 75: PM appointed by President, other ministers on PM’s advice. 113. Article 75(3): Council ...

      CONSTITUTION OF INDIA – ONE LINER KEY POINTERS (JUDICIAL SERVICES PRELIMS) 1. Constitution of India adopted on 26th November 1949; enforced on 26th January 1950 (Republic Day). 2. Total Articles at commencement – 395, total Schedules – 8. 3. Currently (2025): Articles ~470, Schedules 12. 4. Longest written Constitution in the world. 5. Preamble was amended only once – 42nd Amendment, 1976 (added: Socialist, Secular, Integrity). 6. Article 12–35: Fundamental Rights. 7. Right to Property (Art. 31) – repealed by 44th Amendment, 1978; now legal right under Art. 300A. 8. Fundamental Duties – inserted by 42nd Amendment, 1976 (Part IVA, Article 51A). 9. Directive Principles of State Policy – Part IV, Articles 36–51; inspired from Irish Constitution. 10. Article 32 – Right to Constitutional Remedies; Dr. Ambedkar called it “Heart and Soul of the Constitution.” 11. Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty; expanded by judicial interpretatio...

## 📌 League of Nations * Established by **Treaty of Versailles, 1919**. * Organs: Assembly, Council, Secretariat, Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ). * Objectives: International peace & cooperation. * **Failure Reasons**:   * U.S. never joined, unanimity rule, failed disarmament, withdrawals (Germany 1933, Japan 1931, Italy 1936), failure to prevent aggressions (Japan–Manchuria 1931, Italy–Abyssinia 1936, Russia–Finland 1939). --- ## 📌 Evolution of the UN * **Atlantic Charter, 1941**: Roosevelt & Churchill – condemned aggression, self-determination, peace. * **Dumbarton Oaks, 1944**: Blueprint of UN; Security Council with Big Five. * **San Francisco Conference, 1945**: 50 States; adopted UN Charter & Statute of ICJ; Charter signed 26 June 1945, effective 24 Oct. (celebrated as **UN Day**). --- ## 📌 UN Charter – Key Provisions ### Preamble * Goals: Save generations from war, reaffirm human rights, maintain justice & international law, promote social p...