CONSTITUTION OF INDIA – 500 MOST IMPORTANT ONE LINER KEY POINTERS (ALL STATE JUDICIAL SERVICES PRELIMS)-PART-5

IMPORTANT COMMISSIONS

401. Sarkaria Commission (1983) – Center–State relations.

402. Punchhi Commission (2007) – Center–State relations, successor to Sarkaria.

403. Mandal Commission (1979, B.P. Mandal) – OBC reservation; implemented in 1990.

404. National Commission to Review Working of Constitution (2000) – Chairperson Justice M.N.

Venkatachaliah.

405. Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957) – recommended 3-tier Panchayati Raj.

406. Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) – 2-tier Panchayati Raj.

407. G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) – strengthened Panchayati Raj.

408. L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986) – constitutional recognition to Panchayati Raj.

409. Kaka Kalelkar Commission (1953) – First Backward Classes Commission.

410. National Integration Council – formed in 1961 to combat communalism.

LANDMARK JUDGMENTS (MORE)

411. Shah Bano Case (1985) – Maintenance to Muslim women under CrPC.

412. Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) – Guidelines against sexual harassment at workplace.

413. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) – Struck down Sec. 66A IT Act.

414. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) – Right to Privacy part of Art. 21.

415. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) – Sec. 377 partially struck down (LGBT rights).

410. National Integration Council – formed in 1961 to combat communalism.

LANDMARK JUDGMENTS (MORE)

411. Shah Bano Case (1985) – Maintenance to Muslim women under CrPC.

412. Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) – Guidelines against sexual harassment at workplace.

413. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) – Struck down Sec. 66A IT Act.

414. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) – Right to Privacy part of Art. 21.

415. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) – Sec. 377 partially struck down (LGBT rights).

416. Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) – Struck down Sec. 497 IPC (Adultery).

417. Indra Sawhney (1992) – OBC reservations; 50% ceiling.

418. Kesavananda Bharati (1973) – Basic structure doctrine.

419. Minerva Mills (1980) – Limited amending power, FR & DPSP balance.

420. S.R. Bommai (1994) – President’s Rule judicially reviewable.

CONTEMPORARY AMENDMENTS

421. 91st Amendment, 2003 – Limited size of CoM (15% of Assembly).

422. 92nd Amendment, 2003 – Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali to 8th Schedule.

423. 97th Amendment, 2011 – Co-operative Societies (Part IXB).

424. 99th Amendment, 2014 – NJAC (struck down by SC in 2015).

425. 101st Amendment, 2016 – GST.

426. 102nd Amendment, 2018 – NCBC given constitutional status.

427. 103rd Amendment, 2019 – 10% EWS quota.

428. 104th Amendment, 2020 – Ended Anglo-Indian reservation; extended SC/ST reservation.

429. 105th Amendment, 2021 – Gave States power to identify OBCs.

430. 106th Amendment, 2023 – Women’s Reservation (33% in Lok Sabha/State Assemblies, operational postdelimitation 2026).

SPECIAL ARTICLES & PROVISIONS

431. Article 300A – Right to Property = Legal Right.

432. Article 311 – Safeguards to civil servants.

433. Article 312 – Creation of All India Services.

434. Article 323A – Administrative Tribunals.

435. Article 323B – Tribunals for other matters.

436. Article 351 – Promotion of Hindi.

437. Article 360 – Financial Emergency (never invoked).

438. Article 368 – Constitutional Amendment procedure.

439. Article 370 – J&K special status (abrogated in 2019).

440. Article 371–371J – Special provisions for some States.

EMERGENCY PROVISIONS (RECAP)

441. Art. 352 – National Emergency (war, aggression, armed rebellion).

442. Art. 356 – President’s Rule in States.

443. Art. 360 – Financial Emergency.

444.  FRs under Art. 20 & 21 cannot be suspended even during Emergency (44th Amendment).

445. National Emergencies declared thrice – 1962, 1971, 1975.

446. Longest President’s Rule – Punjab (1991–1992, 5 years cumulative).

447. Financial Emergency – never imposed.

 

IMPORTANT FIRSTS

448. First President – Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

449. First Vice-President – Dr. S. Radhakrishnan.

450. First Prime Minister – Jawaharlal Nehru.

451. First CJI – Justice H.J. Kania.

452. First Lok Sabha Speaker – G.V. Mavalankar.

453. First Attorney General – M.C. Setalvad.

454. First CAG – V. Narahari Rao.

455. First Finance Commission Chairman – K.C. Neogy.

456. First State re-organization – 1956 (linguistic basis).

457. First Constitutional Amendment – 1951

458. First Fundamental Duty addition – 42nd Amendment (1976).

459. First time President’s Rule – Punjab, 1951.

460. First Panchayat system introduced – Rajasthan, 1959.

IMPORTANT NUMERICAL FACTS

461. Preamble words added by 42nd Amendment – Socialist, Secular, Integrity.

462. Fundamental Rights – 6 presently.

463. Fundamental Duties – 11 presently.

464. DPSPs – 15 major directives (Part IV).

465. Schedules – 12.

466. Parts – 25 Parts presently.

467. Articles originally – 395, now 470+.

468. Union List subjects originally – 97, now 100+.

469. State List subjects originally – 66, now 61.

470. Concurrent List subjects originally – 47, now 52+.

QUICK REVISION – PRELIMS ORIENTED

471. Quorum in Lok Sabha – 1/10th of total membership.

472. Joint Sitting presided by Lok Sabha Speaker.

473. Impeachment of President – 2/3rd majority in both Houses.

474. Governor appointed by President; holds office at President’s pleasure.

475. Money Bill certified by Lok Sabha Speaker.

476. President can dissolve Lok Sabha only.

477. Rajya Sabha = permanent body; 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.

478. President addresses joint sitting under Art. 87.

479. Constitutional Amendments cannot destroy basic structure.

480. Right to Education – Art. 21A, 86th Amendment.

481. GST Council – Art. 279A.

482. Finance Commission – every 5 years.

483. CAG – tenure 6 years or 65 years.

484. Election Commission – Art. 324.

485. Minimum age for MP Lok Sabha – 25 years.

486. Minimum age for MP Rajya Sabha – 30 years.

487. President’s minimum age – 35 years.

488. Voting age – 18 years (61st Amendment).

489. Judges retirement – SC 65 yrs, HC 62 yrs.

490. Preamble not justiciable, but part of Constitution (Kesavananda, 1973).

EXTRA IMPORTANT FACTS

491. Constitution adopted on 26 Nov 1949, enforced on 26 Jan 1950.

492. Constituent Assembly formed in 1946, chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

493. Drafting Committee Chairman – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

494. Objective Resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru (1946) – basis of Preamble.

495. Constituent Assembly – total members 389 (later 299 after partition).

496. Longest Constitution in the world.

497. Described as “Quasi-Federal with unitary tilt” (K.C. Wheare).

498. Amending procedure – rigid + flexible both.

499. Constitution provides for single citizenship only.

500. Indian Constitution = “Bag of Borrowings” – features taken from many countries.