CONSTITUTION OF INDIA – 500 MOST IMPORTANT ONE LINER KEY POINTERS (ALL STATE JUDICIAL SERVICES PRELIMS)-PART-3

SCHEDULES OF THE CONSTITUTION

201. 1st Schedule – Names of States & Union Territories, their territories.

202. 2nd Schedule – Salaries & allowances of President, Governors, Judges, CAG, etc.

203. 3rd Schedule – Forms of Oaths & Affirmations.

204. 4th Schedule – Allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to States/UTs.

205. 5th Schedule – Administration of Scheduled Areas & Tribes.

206. 6th Schedule – Administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.

207. 7th Schedule – Union, State & Concurrent Lists (subjects distribution).

208. 8th Schedule – Official Languages (22 presently; originally 14).

209. 9th Schedule – Added by 1st Amendment (1951); laws placed here immune from FR judicial review.

210. 10th Schedule – Anti-Defection Law (added by 52nd Amendment, 1985).

211. 11th Schedule – Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment, 1992).

212. 12th Schedule – Municipalities (74th Amendment, 1992).

MAJOR AMENDMENTS

213. 1st Amendment, 1951 – Added 9th Schedule; curtailed free speech.

214. 7th Amendment, 1956 – Reorganization of States on linguistic basis.

215. 24th Amendment, 1971 – Parliament’s power to amend Constitution (Art. 368).

216. 25th Amendment, 1971 – Added Article 31C (laws for DPSP immune from FR challenge).

217. 36th Amendment, 1975 – Sikkim became 22nd State.

218. 42nd Amendment, 1976 – “Mini Constitution” – Preamble amended; Fundamental Duties added; DPSPs

219. 44th Amendment, 1978 – Right to Property removed from FR; restored freedoms curtailed during

Emergency.

220. 52nd Amendment, 1985 – Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule).

221. 61st Amendment, 1988 – Voting age reduced to 18 years.

222. 69th Amendment, 1991 – Delhi became National Capital Territory with Legislative Assembly.

223. 73rd Amendment, 1992 – Panchayati Raj (11th Schedule).

224. 74th Amendment, 1992 – Municipalities (12th Schedule).

225. 86th Amendment, 2002 – Right to Education (Art. 21A) + 11th Fundamental Duty.

226. 101st Amendment, 2016 – Goods & Services Tax (GST).

227. 103rd Amendment, 2019 – 10% EWS reservation in education & jobs.

228. 104th Amendment, 2020 – Abolished Anglo-Indian reservation in Parliament/Assemblies.

 

LANDMARK CASE LAWS

229. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) – Basic Structure Doctrine.

230. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) – Judicial review is basic structure.

231. Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) – Balance between FRs & DPSPs is basic structure.

232. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) – Expanded Art. 21 (Right to Life).

233. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967) – Parliament cannot amend FRs (overruled by 24th Amendment).

234. ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976) – During Emergency, right to life can be suspended (later

overruled).

235. S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) – Presidential Rule under Art. 356 is subject to judicial review.

236. I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) – 9th Schedule laws subject to basic structure review.

237. Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951) – First case on constitutional amendment power.

238. Berubari Case (1960) – Territorial cession requires constitutional amendment.

239. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992) – 50% cap on reservations; upheld Mandal Commission.

240. Keshav Singh case (1964) – Parliamentary privileges subject to judicial review.

PANCHAYATI RAJ (73rd Amendment, 1992)

241. Added Part IX (Art. 243–243O).

242. 3-tier Panchayat system: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad.

243. Reservation: 1/3rd seats for women, proportionate for SC/ST.

244. State Election Commission (Art. 243K) – conducts Panchayat elections.

245. State Finance Commission (Art. 243I) – recommends devolution of finances.

246. Panchayat term: 5 years.

MUNICIPALITIES (74th Amendment, 1992)

247. Added Part IXA (Art. 243P–243ZG).

248. Types of Municipalities: Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation.

249. 12th Schedule lists 18 functions of Municipalities.

250. Reservation same as Panchayati Raj – SC, ST, Women.

ELECTIONS & REPRESENTATION

251. Article 324: Election Commission of India (ECI).

252. Election Commission consists of CEC + other Election Commissioners.

253. CEC cannot be removed except like a Supreme Court Judge.

254. Article 325: One general electoral roll, no discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, sex.

255. Article 326: Universal Adult Suffrage (18 yrs).

256. Representation of People Act, 1950 – Allocation of seats, delimitation.

257. Representation of People Act, 1951 – Conduct of elections, disqualification, corrupt practices.

258. 61st Amendment (1988) – Voting age reduced from 21 to 18.

259. Delimitation based on 1971 Census till 2026 (84th & 87th Amendments).

260. NOTA introduced in elections: 2013, SC directive.

TRIBUNALS

261. Article 323A: Administrative Tribunals – service matters of Union/States.

262. Article 323B: Tribunals for other matters (tax, land reforms, industrial disputes).

263. CAT (Central Administrative Tribunal) established in 1985.

264. NGT (National Green Tribunal) established in 2010 (though under NGT Act, not Constitution).

OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

265. Article 343: Official language of Union – Hindi in Devanagari script.

266. English to continue for official purposes till Parliament decides otherwise.

267. 8th Schedule originally had 14 languages, now 22 (92nd Amendment, 2003 added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali).

268. Article 348: Proceedings in Supreme Court & High Courts in English.

269. Article 351: Duty of Union to promote Hindi.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTS

270. Finance Commission (Art. 280) – first in 1951, chairman K.C. Neogy.

271. 15th Finance Commission (2020–25) chairman: N.K. Singh.

272. CAG (Art. 148) – “Guardian of Public Purse”; first CAG V. Narahari Rao.

273. UPSC (Art. 315) – first Chairman Sir Ross Barker.

274. Attorney General (Art. 76) – first AG of India M.C. Setalvad.

275. Advocate General – Law officer of State (Art. 165).

276. Inter-State Council – Art. 263; set up in 1990 on recommendation of Sarkaria Commission.

277. NITI Aayog (replaced Planning Commission) established in 2015.

278. GST Council – Art. 279A; Chairman = Union Finance Minister.

279. Constitutional Amendments require ratification by half of State Legislatures in certain cases (e.g.,

President’s election, SC/HC, lists).

280. Ordinance making power: President (Art. 123), Governor (Art. 213).

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS & DUTIES – QUICK RECAP

281. Six Fundamental Rights (after 44th Amendment, 1978).

282. FRs enforceable by writs (Art. 32 & 226).

283. FRs available against “State” (Art. 12).

284. Fundamental Duties (Art. 51A) – total 11 duties.

285. DPSPs are non-justiciable (Art. 37).

286. Directive Principles classified as socialist, Gandhian, liberal-intellectual.

287. Art. 39(b) & 39(c): Ownership of resources & avoidance of wealth concentration.

288. Gandhian DPSPs – e.g., Art. 40 (Panchayats), Art. 43 (Cottage industries), Art. 46 (Weaker sections).

289. Socialist DPSPs – Art. 38, Art. 39, Art. 41.

290. Liberal DPSPs – Art. 44 (Uniform Civil Code), Art. 50 (Separation of judiciary).

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURE

291. Art. 368: Amendment procedure.

292. Simple Majority amendments – e.g., admission of States, official languages.

293. Special Majority (2/3 present & voting + majority of total strength).

294. Special Majority + State Ratification – for federal features.

295. First Amendment (1951) – curtailed free speech, 9th Schedule.

296. 42nd Amendment – maximum changes, called Mini Constitution.

297. 44th Amendment – restored democracy after Emergency.

298. 73rd & 74th Amendments – Local Self Government.

299. 86th Amendment – Education as FR.

300. 101st Amendment – GST.